Repatriation

Item 1

History and Description of the Cultural Item(s)

    Between 1897 and 1928, one cultural item was removed from Wrangell, 
AK, by Fred W. Carlyon, a local shop owner. Carlyon and his sister, 
Anna Vaughn, collected the Shtax' Heen Kwaan Kaachadi Frog Hat during 
their time in Wrangell in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 
Later, the hat passed from the collectors to Dorothy K. Haberman, who 
was Miss Vaughn's daughter. Mrs. Haberman donated the hat to the 
Oakland Museum of California in 1959. The sacred object/object of 
cultural patrimony is a clan crest hat in the shape of a frog carved 
from wood and with copper overlay on formline. The eyes are overlaid 
with abalone and the hat is topped with five woven spruce root rings.
    Oral traditions say that the Tlingit Indians have inhabited 
Southeast Alaska since time immemorial. They share an identity as a 
tribe and trace that identity to multiple ancestral groups. The 
Khaach.[aacute]di clan of Xh[iacute]xhch'i H[iacute]t (Frog House) of 
the Shtax H[eacute]en Khwaan (``Wrangell People'') have origin stories 
tracing the group from the Naas H[eacute]eni (Naas River) to the Shtax 
H[eacute]en (Stikine River). An ancestress of the clan obtained rights 
to the Frog crest on the Shtaxh H[eacute]en. The Frog Hat is considered 
a sacred object/object of cultural patrimony because of its status as 
at.[oacute]ow--a clan owned object brought out in ceremonies by a clan 
appointed caretaker and an object that could not be alienated without 
the consent of the entire clan. The Frog Hat, as clan property, is 
needed for the present-day clan members to participate in ongoing 
ceremonies.

(Federal Notice)

Item 2

History and Description of the Cultural Items

    In 1903, one cultural item was removed from the Pueblo of Laguna in 
Cibola, Valencia, Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, NM. One other 
cultural item is believed to have been removed from the same community 
at the same time. These two items were collected by Stewart Culin, the 
first curator that collected American Indian items for the Brooklyn 
Museum. The Denver Art Museum subsequently acquired the two items from 
the Brooklyn Museum through an exchange in 1948. The items are two 
Katsina Friends and meet the definition of both objects of cultural 
patrimony and sacred objects.
    The review of available documentation, in addition to physical 
inspections by multiple Pueblo of Laguna delegations, has resulted in 
confirmation from Pueblo of Laguna religious leaders that the two 
Katsina Friends are of Pueblo of Laguna origin. The Pueblo of Laguna 
asserts that a relationship of shared group identity exists between the 
Pueblo of Laguna in 1903, and the present-day Pueblo of Laguna. These 
Katsina Friends were created within the Pueblo of Laguna religious 
system with construction techniques still used today. In addition to 
the positive identification by Laguna religious leaders that the two 
Katsina Friends are of Laguna Pueblo origin, cultural affiliation with 
the Pueblo of Laguna is evident by a variety of diagnostic features. 
The catalog cards also associate these two items with ``Laguna.''

(Federal Notice)

Item 3

History and Description of the Cultural Items

    The 90 cultural items consist of Western Apache ceremonial items 
collected at the San Carlos Apache Reservation and White Mountain 
Apache Reservation in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The items to be 
repatriated come from four separate Field Museum accessions.
    Of the 90 requested cultural items, 21 items come from Field Museum 
accession 769. Charles Owen, acting on behalf of The Field Museum of 
Natural History, purchased these 21 items from various individuals on 
the White Mountain Apache Reservation, Arizona, in the spring of 1901, 
during a Field Columbian Museum expedition to the Southwest. The 
requested items include 8 medicine hats, 5 buckskin medicine shirts, 3 
cradle charms/ornaments, 1 necklace, 1 wristlet of medicine beads, 2 
medicine shields, and 1 medicine cord with a wooden figure.
    Of the 90 requested cultural items, 67 items come from Field Museum 
accession 847. Charles Owen purchased these 67 items from various 
individuals on the White Mountain Apache and San Carlos Reservations 
during a 1903 Field Columbian Museum expedition to the Southwest. The 
requested items include 11 medicine strings, 18 painted medicine shirts 
and buckskins, 12 medicine hats, 7 necklaces, 4 wooden figures, 3 
amulets, 2 medicine rings, 2 buckskin bags with wooden figures, 2 
wristlets, 1 necklace and bag, 1 group of 12 eagle breath feathers, 1 
hunting charm, 1 medicine shield, 1 medicine stick, and 1 wooden 
medicine cross.
    Of the 90 requested cultural items, one item comes from Field 
Museum accession 895. This item was purchased by the Field Columbian 
Museum in 1904, in Chicago, from an individual identified as Apache. 
This item is a wooden figure, and is identified in collection records 
as an ``Apache's Medicine-man's effigy.'' Charles Owen had previously 
seen the figure on the Apache Reservation during one of his expeditions 
in 1901 or 1903, but had been unable to purchase it for lack of funds.
    Of the 90 requested cultural items, one item comes from Field 
Museum accession 1926. The Field Museum of Natural History accessioned 
this item in 1931, receiving it as a gift from Mrs. A. Shreve Badger of 
Chicago. This item is identified in collection records as a ``medicine 
man's hat.'' According to donor information, the hat was originally 
collected on the Fort Apache Reservation in 1884 or 1885.
    The 90 cultural items have been identified as Native American 
sacred objects and objects of cultural patrimony through museum 
records, scholarly publications, primary documents, consultation 
information, and testimony provided by representatives of the Western 
Apache NAGPRA Working group, a consortium of the San Carlos Apache 
Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation, Arizona; Tonto Apache Tribe of 
Arizona; White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, 
Arizona; and the Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian 
Reservation, Arizona.

(Federal Notice)